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The Java language has undergone several changes since JDK 1.0 as well as numerous additions of classes and packages to the standard library. Since J2SE 1.4, the evolution of the Java language has been governed by the Java Community Process (JCP), which uses Java Specification Requests (JSRs) to propose and specify additions and changes to the Java platform. The language is specified by the Java Language Specification (JLS); changes to the JLS are managed under JSR 901.

In addition to the language changes, other changes have been made to the Java Class Library over the years, which has grown from a few hundred classes in JDK 1.0 to over three thousand in J2SE 5. Entire new APIs, such as Swing and Java2D, have been introduced, and many of the original JDK 1.0 classes and methods have been deprecated. Some programs allow conversion of Java programs from one version of the Java platform to an older one (for example Java 5.0 backported to 1.4) (see Java backporting tools).

Regarding to Oracle Java distribution, version 11 is the currently supported long-term support (LTS) version (and Java 8 LTS to some degree). ("Oracle Customers will receive Oracle Premier Support"); Oracle released for the "legacy" Java 8 LTS the last free software "public update" in January 2019 for commercial use, while Oracle continues to release no-cost public updates for Java 8 for e.g. development^[1] and personal use indefinitely.^[2] Java 10 is the previously supported rapid release version. Java 10 support ended on the same date that support for Java 11 began, in September 2018. Java 7 is no longer publicly supported, and Java 9 has stopped receiving updates since Java 9 was a short-term rapid release version that has been superseded by Java 10 and now Java 11. For Java 11, long-term support will not be provided by Oracle for the public; instead, the broader OpenJDK community, as AdoptOpenJDK or others, is expected to perform the work.^[3]

Java 15 General Availability occurred on September 15, 2020, with Java 16 now in development.

History[edit]

In September 2017, Mark Reinhold, chief Architect of the Java Platform, proposed to change the release train to "one feature release every six months" rather than the current two-year schedule,^[6][7] and later the proposal took effect.

JDK 1.0[edit]

The first version was released on January 23, 1996.^[8][9] The first stable version, JDK 1.0.2, is called Java 1.^[9]

JDK 1.1[edit]

Major additions in the release on February 19, 1997 included:^[10]

J2SE 1.2[edit]

Codename Playground

The release on December 8, 1998 and subsequent releases through J2SE 5.0 were rebranded retrospectively Java 2 and the version name "J2SE" (Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition) replaced JDK to distinguish the base platform from J2EE (Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition) and J2ME (Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition). This was a very significant release of Java as it tripled the size of the Java platform to 1520 classes in 59 packages. Major additions included:^[12]

J2SE 1.3[edit]

Codename Kestrel

The most notable changes in the May 8, 2000 release were:^[13][14]

J2SE 1.4[edit]

Codename Merlin

The February 6, 2002 release was the first release of the Java platform developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 59. Major changes included:^[15][16]

Public support and security updates for Java 1.4 ended in October 2008. Paid security updates for Oracle customers ended in February 2013.^[17]

J2SE 5.0[edit]

Codename Tiger

The release on September 30, 2004 was originally numbered 1.5, which is still used as the internal version number. The number was changed to "better reflect the level of maturity, stability, scalability and security of the J2SE".^[18] This version was developed under JSR 176.

J2SE 5.0 entered its end-of-public-updates period on April 8, 2008; updates are no longer available to the public as of November 3, 2009. Updates were available to paid Oracle customers until May 2015.^[1]

Tiger added a number of significant new language features:^[19][20]

• Generics: provides compile-time (static) type safety for collections and eliminates the need for most typecasts (type conversion) (specified by JSR 14)
• Metadata: also called annotations; allows language constructs such as classes and methods to be tagged with additional data, which can then be processed by metadata-aware utilities (specified by JSR 175)
• Autoboxing/unboxing: automatic conversions between primitive types (such as ) and primitive wrapper classes (such as ) (specified by JSR 201)
• Enumerations: the keyword creates a typesafe, ordered list of values (such as , , etc.); previously this could only be achieved by non-typesafe constant integers or manually constructed classes (typesafe enum pattern) (specified by JSR 201)
• Varargs: the last parameter of a method can now be declared using a type name followed by three dots (e.g. ); in the calling code any number of parameters of that type can be used and they are then placed in an array to be passed to the method, or alternatively the calling code can pass an array of that type
• Enhanced loop: the loop syntax is extended with special syntax for iterating over each member of either an array or any , such as the standard classes (specified by JSR 201)
• Improved semantics of execution for multi-threaded Java programs; the new Java memory model addresses issues of complexity, effectiveness, and performance of previous specifications^[21]
• Static imports

There were also the following improvements to the standard libraries:

Java 5 is the last release of Java to officially support Microsoft Windows 98 and Windows ME,^[23] while Windows Vista was the newest version of Windows that J2SE 5 was supported on prior to Java 5 going end-of-life in October of 2009.^[17]

Java 5 Update 5 (1.5.0_05) is the last release of Java to work on Windows 95 (with Internet Explorer 5.5 installed) and Windows NT 4.0.^[24]

Java 5 was first available on Apple Mac OS X 10.4 (Tiger)^[25] and was the default version of Java installed on Apple Mac OS X 10.5 (Leopard).

Public support and security updates for Java 1.5 ended in November 2009. Paid security updates for Oracle customers ended in April 2015.

Versioning change[edit]

This version introduced a new versioning system for the Java language, although the old versioning system continued to be used for developer libraries:

Both version numbers "1.5.0" and "5.0" are used to identify this release of the Java 2 Platform Standard Edition. Version "5.0" is the product version, while "1.5.0" is the developer version. The number "5.0" is used to better reflect the level of maturity, stability, scalability and security of the J2SE.

This correspondence continued through later releases (Java 6 = JDK 1.6, Java 7 = JDK 1.7, and so on).

Java 5 updates[edit]

Java SE 6[edit]

Codename Mustang

As of the version released on December 11, 2006, Sun replaced the name "J2SE" with Java SE and dropped the ".0" from the version number.^[44] Internal numbering for developers remains 1.6.0.^[45]

This version was developed under JSR 270.

During the development phase, new builds including enhancements and bug fixes were released approximately weekly. Beta versions were released in February and June 2006, leading up to a final release that occurred on December 11, 2006.

Major changes included in this version:^[46][47]

• Support for older Win9x versions dropped; unofficially, Java 6 Update 7 was the last release of Java shown to work on these versions of Windows.^{[citation needed]} This is believed^{[by whom?]} to be due to the major changes in Update 10.
• Scripting Language Support (JSR 223): Generic API for tight integration with scripting languages, and built-in MozillaJavaScriptRhino integration.
• Dramatic performance improvements for the core platform,^[48][49] and Swing.
• Improved Web Service support through JAX-WS (JSR 224).
• JDBC 4.0 support (JSR 221).
• Java Compiler API (JSR 199): an API allowing a Java program to select and invoke a Java Compiler programmatically.
• Upgrade of JAXB to version 2.0: Including integration of a StAX parser.
• Support for pluggable annotations (JSR 269).^[50]
• Many GUI improvements, such as integration of SwingWorker in the API, table sorting and filtering, and true Swing double-buffering (eliminating the gray-area effect).
• JVM improvements include: synchronization and compiler performance optimizations, new algorithms and upgrades to existing garbage collection algorithms, and application start-up performance.

Java 6 can be installed to Mac OS X 10.5 (Leopard) running on 64-bit (Core 2 Duo and higher) processor machines.^[51] Java 6 is also supported by both 32-bit and 64-bit machines running Mac OS X 10.6 (Snow Leopard).

Java 6 reached the end of its supported life in February 2013, at which time all public updates, including security updates, were scheduled to be stopped.^[52][53] Oracle released two more updates to Java 6 in March and April 2013, which patched some security vulnerabilities.^[54][55]

Java 6 updates[edit]

After Java 6 release, Sun, and later Oracle, released several updates which, while not changing any public API, enhanced end-user usability or fixed bugs.^[56]

Java SE 7[edit]

Java 7 (codename Dolphin^[134]) is a major update that was launched on July 7, 2011^[135] and was made available for developers on July 28, 2011.^[136] The development period was organized into thirteen milestones; on June 6, 2011, the last of the thirteen milestones was finished.^[136][137] On average, 8 builds (which generally included enhancements and bug fixes) were released per milestone. The feature list at the OpenJDK 7 project lists many of the changes.

Additions in Java 7 include:^[138]

Lambda (Java's implementation of lambda functions), Jigsaw (Java's implementation of modules), and part of Coin were dropped from Java 7, and released as part of Java 8 (except for Jigsaw, which was released in Java 9).^[155][156]

Java 7 was the default version to download on java.com from April 2012 until Java 8 was released.^[157]

Java 7 updates[edit]

Oracle issued public updates to the Java 7 family on a quarterly basis^[158] until April 2015 when the product reached the end of its public availability.^[159] Further updates for JDK 7, which are scheduled to continue until Jul 2022, are only made available to customers with a support contract.^[160]